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To get minimal mark it is obligatory to prepare at list questions in bold
Medical students
Medical students
Module №1
Module №1
CYTOLOGY I
Describe fluid-mosaic model of membrane
Types of lipids in the membrane
Role of cholesterol in the membrane
Structure and functions of glycocalix
Submembrane complex of a cell (components, functions)
Mechanisms of micromolecular (transmembrane) transport
Mechanisms of macromolecular (vesicular) transport
Structure and functions of mitochondria
Structure and functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Structure and functions of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Structure and functions of Golgi complex
Structure and functions of lysosome, types of lysosomes
Describe the process of autophagy, types of autophagy
Structure and functions of ribosome
Structure and functions of peroxisome
Structure and functions of proteasome
Cytoskeleton: its components and functions
Structure and functions of microtubules
Structure and functions of microfilaments
Structure and functions of centrosome
Structure and functions of intermediate filaments
Classification of inclusions
CYTOLOGY II
Structure of the nuclear envelope
Structure and functions of nuclear pore
Chromatin: definition, molecular composition, classification
Structure of nucleosome, levels of DNA spatial packing
Structure and functions of nucleolus
Characterize each phase of the cell cycle
Cell cycle regulation, checkpoints
Characterize each phase of mitosis
Define kinetochore, mitotic spindle, cytokinesis
Define apoptosis, describe it’s advantages comparing with necrosis
Characterize general apoptotic pathways
EMBRYOLOGY I
Structure of spermatozoon
Structure of human ovum, it’s envelopes
Define reactions of distant interaction between gametes:
-negative rheotaxis
-positive chemotaxis
-capacitation
Define reactions of contact interaction between gametes
-acrosomal reaction
-cortical reaction
Define cleavage and it’s characteristics
Describe the process of gametes fusion
List subsequent stages of embryonic development starting from the zygote
Describe the structure of a blastocyst
Define implantation and it’s steps
EMBRYOLOGY II
Define the process of gastrulation
Describe general gastrulation mechanism in human embryo
Describe derivatives (structures, organs) of embryonic ectoderm
Describe the formation of the notochord, its role in embryonic development
Describe the formation of body axes
Define the process of neurulation
Describe components of embryonic mesoderm and their derivatives
Describe derivatives (structures, organs) of embryonic endoderm
Structure and functions of amnion
Structure and functions of yolk sack
Structure and functions of allantois
Module №2
Module №2
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
General signs of epithelial tissues
Structure and functions of basement membrane
Structure and functions of microvilli
Structure and functions of cilia
Classification of covering (lining) epithelia (morpho-functional)
Differences between exocrine and endocrine glands
Structure of exocrine glands and their classification
Describe different types of secretion (how cells release their products) with examples
Structure and protein composition of desmosome, it’s function
Structure and protein composition of gap junction, it’s function
Structure and protein composition of tight junction, it’s function
BlOOD
Hemogram (number of cells per one liter of blood), leukocyte formula (percentage of different types)
Erythrocytes: structure (diameter, thickness, membrane proteins), functions
Define poikilocytosis and anisocytosis
Structure and function of hemoglobin (Hb), types of Hb depending on combination with different gases
Differences between fetal and adult Hb
Classification of leukocytes, their functions
Structure and content of primary (azurophilic) granules
Neutrophils: percentage in leukocyte formula, structure, functions, immature forms
Define leukocyte formula left-shift and its clinical significance
Eosinophils: percentage in leukocyte formula, structure, functions, content of specific granules
Basophils: percentage in leukocyte formula, structure, functions, content of specific granules
Lymphocytes: percentage in leukocyte formula, structural features and classification
Monocytes: percentage in leukocyte formula, structural features and functions
Platelets: structure and functions
HEMATOPOIESIS. RED BONE MARROW
Brief characteristic of 6 classes of hematopoietic cells
Describe subsequent stages of erythrocyte development from the stem cells
Describe subsequent stages of granulocyte development from the stem cells
Describe subsequent stages of monocyte development from the stem cells
Describe subsequent stages of lymphocyte development from the stem cells
Describe subsequent stages of platelet development from stem the cells
Describe stromal and parenchymal cells of red bone marrow
PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Classification of connective tissues
List cells of connective tissue proper, for every cell name the function
Describe different subtypes of fibroblasts, their structure, functions and derivation
Describe derivation, structure and functions of macrophages. Define mononuclear phagocyte system.
Describe derivation, structure and functions of mast cells (tissue basophils). List components of their secretory granules.
Describe derivation, structure and functions of plasma cells.
Types of connective tissue fibers and their properties
Describe structure of collagen fibers. List general properties of collagen fibers.
Describe steps of collagen fibers synthesis and degradation
Describe molecular composition of reticular fibers and their localization.
Describe structure of elastic fibers, their general properties.
Composition of ground substance and structure of its main components: glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans.
Compare structure, functions and distribution of white and brown adipose tissues.
Describe structure and localization of reticular tissue.
Describe structure and localization of mucus tissue.
CENTRAL LYMPHOID ORGANS
Embryonic development of thymus
General structure of the thymus
Role of thymus in T-cells maturation
Components of blood-thymus barrier and it’s significance
Compare two types of thymus involution
PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS
Describe splenic system of blood supply (sequence of vessels) and its features
General structure of the spleen
Functions of human spleen
Describe cellular composition of red pulp
Describe zones of white pulp
General structure of the lymph node
Describe system of lymph nodes’ sinuses
Describe structure of lymph node’s cortex, paracortex and medulla
Functions of lymph node
Module №3
Module №3
SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Name 3 types of cartilage tissues with typical places of their localization
Describe cells of cartilage tissue
Define perichondrium, its structure and functions
Describe composition of cartilage matrix
Describe structure and key features of elastic cartilage
Describe structure and key features of elastic cartilage
Describe structure and key features of fibrocartilage
Compare two types of cartilage growth
Compare two types of bone tissues
Describe composition of bone extracellular matrix
Cells of bone tissue, their structure and function
Describe derivation, structure and function of osteoclast cells, mechanism of bone resorption
Describe structure of lamellar bone tissue, its morphofunctional unit
Describe structure and functions of periosteum
Describe stages of endochondral ossification
Describe zones of epiphyseal plate
Describe the process of intramembranous ossification
MUSCLE TISSUES
Morpho-functional classification of muscle tissues (according to the structure)
Histogenetic classification of muscle tissues (according to the source of embryonic development)
Structure of the skeletal muscle as an organ
Structure of the morphofunctional unit of the skeletal muscle
Structure of the contractile system (myofibrils)
Structure of the sarcomere
Mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction
Sources and mechanisms of muscle fiber regeneration
Key features of the cardiac muscle tissue
Describe morhofunctional unit of cardiac muscle tissue
Structure and function of intercalated discs
Key features of the smooth muscle tissue
Describe morhofunctional unit of smooth muscle tissue
Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Describe general structure of the vessel’s wall (three envelopes and layers of each envelope)
Classification of arteries and veins
Describe general features of elastic arteries structure
Describe general features of muscular arteries structure
Describe general features of veins structure
Classification of capillaries. Describe structure of every type and organs, where we can find them
Describe features of lymphatic capillaries and their function
Classification of anastomoses
Describe three envelopes of the human heart
Classification of cardiomyocytes
Histological structure of myocardium
Describe the differences between conducting and contractile cardiomyocytes
Components of the conducting system of the heart
Embryonic development of the heart
Module №4
Module №4
DIGESTIVE I (oral cavity)
General structure of alimentary canal (layers, envelopes)
Histological structure of the tongue (types of papillae, their structure and function)
Structure of the taste bud, cellular composition, function
Mechanism of taste sensation
General structure of salivary glands (cells of terminal portion, types of ducts)
Describe structure of parotid gland
Describe structure of sublingual gland
Describe structure of submandibular gland
Compare three major salivary glands
Structure of esophagus
Structure of the pharynx
Describe the structure of the Pirogov-Wadeyer lymphoid ring of the parynx, types of tonsils and its function
DIGESTIVE II (stomach, small, large intestines)
Envelopes and layers of stomach, relief of stomach mucosa
Describe 3 types of stomach glands and compare them one with another
Cells of stomach glands (structure, staining properties, function)
Describe the mechanism of HCl acid secretion, what receptors stimulate this process
Describe enteroendocrine cells of digestive tract, their derivation, fuction and hormones
Histological structure of the duodenum (envelopes, layers, relief)
Differences between histological structure of duodenum and other parts of small intestine
Cellular composition of small intestine epithelium(structure, staining properties, function)
Describe lymphoid structures of intestinal mucosa and the role of M-cells in antigen processing
Describe features of appendix histological structure
Histological structure of the large intestine (envelopes, layers, relief)
Histological features of anorectal junction
DIGESTIVE III (liver, pancreas, gall bladder)
Functions of liver
Ultrastructural characteristics of hepatocytes
Describe morpho-functional units of liver (classic and portal lobules, acinus), mention the direction of blood and bile flow
Features of liver blood supply (sequence of blood vessels)
Structure of liver sinusoids
Define space of Disse and cells, located there
Histological structure of the gall bladder, its function
Cellular composition of the islets of Langerhans (name the cell, respective hormone and its effect)
Describe the structure of the pancreatic acinus (staining properties) and its function (secretory products)
Describe pancreatic duct system
Hormonal regulation of pancreatic juce secretion (particularly action of cholecyctokinin and secretin)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
General difference between conducting and respiratory portions of respiratory system
Structure of the olfactory epithelium, its location, regeneration and function
Histological structure of larynx
Histological structure of trachea
Histological classification of bronchi tree
Cellular composition of respiratory epithelium (structure and function of every cell)
Describe mucocilliary clearance mechanism, its function
Define lung acinus and name its components
Components and function of blood-air barrier
Cells of lung alveoli, their structure and function
Composition of surfactant, its function
Embryonic development of respiratory system, start point for surfactant secretion
SKIN
Layers of the skin
Layers of epidermis (describe differences between them)
Cells of epidermis, their function and embryonic derivation
Describe the process of melanin synthesis, key enzymes and the major function of this pigment
Histological differences between thick and thin skin
Histological differences between light and dark skin
Histological structure of the dermis
Sebaceous gland, structure, function, location
Compare two types of sweat glands (cellular composition, function, location, innervation, age features)
Types of hair, differences in histological structure
Structure of the hair follicle
Structure of the nails
Module №5
Module №5
NERVE TISSUE
Structure of the neuron
Mechanisms of axonic transport
Classification of neurons (morphological, functional)
Structure and classification of synapses
Classification of glial cells
Subtypes of astrocytes, their functions
Blood-brain barrier structure (components) and significance in clinical practice
Structure and functions of oligodendrocytes
Structure and functions of ependymal cells. Role of tanycytes in the embryonic development of the brain cortex
Structure and classifications of nerve fibers
Describe steps of nerve fibers regeneration
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Describe differences between white and gray matter
Layers of cerebral cortex, their cellular composition
Layers of cerebellar cortex, their cellular composition, interactions between cells
Describe histological structure of the spinal cord gray matter
Describe histological structure of the spinal ganglion
Embryonic development of the nervous system
EYE
Name 3 envelopes of the eye and their constituents
Name 5 layers of cornea and describe their structure
Name 10 layers of the retina and describe their structure
Describe ultrastructure of rods and cones highlighting differences between them
Describe the mechanism of photoreception
Describe functions of pigmented epithelium and describe “blood-retina barrier”
Define the terms “Yellow spot” and “Blind spot” of retina. Describe structural features of each region.
Define the term “Accommodation” and describe what structures of the eye are involved in this mechanism and how it is realized
Define the terms “Anterior and Posterior chambers of the eye” and describe the mechanism of aqueous humor circulation in the eye
Describe eye embryonic development
EAR
Describe the function of the external ear and its constituents
Describe the function of the middle ear and its constituents
Describe parts of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear, name receptor apparatus of each part and their main function.
Describe cellular composition of the organ of Corti
Describe the structure of hair cells (two types) and their protrusions
Describe the structure of the cochlea
Describe the mechanism of sounds perception and how we distinguish the frequency of different sound waves
Describe histological structure of the Maculae with otolithic membrane and mechanism of its action
Describe histological structure of the Cristae ampullares and mechanism of its action
Describe embryonic development of the ear
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Classification of endocrine organs. List central and peripheral organs, explain differences between them
Mechanisms of hormone secretion regulation (negative feedback loop)
Describe hypothalamic nuclei with endocrine function and hormones they produce
Describe structure and function of neurohypophysis
Describe classification of cells in adenohypophysis and respective hormones
System of hypophyseal blood supply and its function in transport of hormones
Embryonic development of pituitary gland
Histological structure of the epiphysis, its cellular compositions and two main hormones. General function of the epiphysis.
Describe histological structure of the thyroid gland, cells of the follicle and hormones they produce
Describe secretory cycle of the thyrocyte
Embryonic development of the thyroid gland
Histological structure of the parathyroid gland and its hormones. Regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion
Embryonic development of the parathyroid gland
Zones of the adrenal cortex and respective hormones
Cells of the adrenal medulla and respective hormones
Embryonic development of the adrenal gland
Define Dissociated neuroendocrine system and its function
Module №6
Module №6
URINARY
Functions of kidneys
Histological structure of kidneys
Describe features of kidney blood supply (sequence of vessels)
Define the nephron, name its main parts and types of nephrons based on their location
Describe the structure of the Bowman’s capsule
Define the process of filtration
Filtration barrier (components, functions)
Mesangial cells (types, functions)
Define the process of reabsorption and secretion
Describe the structure and function of the nephron proximal convoluted tubules
Describe the structure and function of the loop of Henle
Describe the structure and function of the nephron distal convoluted tubules
Describe the structure and function of the collecting ducts
Hormonal regulation of reabsorption in collecting ducts
Cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus, their location and functions
Mechanism of renin action (how it regulated blood pressure)
Structure of the ureter
Structure of the urinary bladder
Embryonic development of the urinary system
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Describe the sequence of seminiferous ducts
Structure of convoluted seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis (definition, stages, sequence of cells, duration)
Spermiogenesis (definition, stages)
Structure and function of Sertoli (sustentacular) cells
Structure and function of Leydig (interstitial) cells
Intratesticular ducts
Histological structure and functions of the epididymis
Differences between epithelial lining of efferent ductules and ductus epididymis
Histological structure of the ductus deferens
Histological structure of seminal vesicles
Histological structure of prostate (classification of glands, age changes)
Embryonic development of male reproductive system
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Histological structure of the ovary
Types of follicles, differences between them, structure of the mature (Graafian) follicle
Define the ovulation and describe the regulation of this process
Define the yellow body and stages of its formation
Ovogenesis (phases, time points)
Histological structure of the uterus
Histological structure of the uterine tube
Phases of menstrual cycle (respective changes in the structure of the ovary, uterus and hormonal concentration)
Histological structure of mammary gland
Histological structure of the cervix
Histological structure of the vagina
Embryonic development of the female reproductive system
Stomatological students
Stomatological students
Module №1
Module №1
CYTOLOGY
Describe fluid-mosaic model of membrane
Structure and functions of glycocalix
Structure and functions of mitochondria
Structure and functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Structure and functions of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Structure and functions of Golgi complex
Structure and functions of lysosome, types of lysosomes
Structure and functions of ribosome
Structure and functions of peroxisome
Structure and functions of microtubules
Structure and functions of microfilaments
Structure and functions of centrosome
Structure of the nuclear envelope
Structure and functions of nuclear pore
Chromatin: definition, molecular composition, classification
Structure of nucleosome, levels of DNA spatial packing
Structure and functions of nucleolus
Characterize each phase of the cell cycle
Characterize each phase of mitosis
Define apoptosis, describe it’s advantages comparing with necrosis
Embryology I
Structure of spermatozoon
Structure of human ovum, it’s envelopes
Define reactions of distant interaction between gametes:
-negative rheotaxis
-positive chemotaxis
-capacitation
Define reactions of contact interaction between gametes
-acrosomal reaction
-cortical reaction
Define cleavage and it’s characteristics
List subsequent stages of embryonic development starting from the zygote
Describe the structure of blastocyst
Define implantation and it’s steps
Embryology II
Define the process of gastrulation
Describe the mechanism of immigration
Describe derivatives (structures, organs) of embryonic ectoderm
Describe components of embryonic mesoderm and their derivatives
Describe derivatives (structures, organs) of embryonic endoderm
Structure and functions of amnion
Structure and functions of yolk sack
Structure and functions of allantois
Epithelial tissues
General signs of epithelial tissues
Structure and functions of microvilli
Structure and functions of cilia
Classification of covering (lining) epithelia (morpho-functional)
Differences between exocrine and endocrine glands
Structure of exocrine glands and their classification
Describe different types of secretion (how cells release their products) with examples
Structure and function of desmosome
Structure and function of gap junction
Structure and function of of tight junction
Module №2
Module №2
Blood
Hemogram (number of cells per one liter of blood), leukocyte formula (percentage of different types)
Erythrocytes: structure (diameter, thickness, membrane proteins), functions
Structure and function of hemoglobin (Hb), types of Hb depending on combination with different gases
Classification of leukocytes, their functions
Neutrophils: percentage in leukocyte formula, structure, functions, immature forms
Eosinophils: percentage in leukocyte formula, structure, functions, content of specific granules
Basophils: percentage in leukocyte formula, structure, functions, content of specific granules
Lymphocytes: percentage in leukocyte formula, structural features and classification
Monocytes: percentage in leukocyte formula, structural features and functions
Platelets: structure and functions
Hematopoiesis. Red bone marrow
Brief characteristic of 6 classes of hematopoietic cells
Describe subsequent stages of erythrocyte development from the stem cells
Describe subsequent stages of granulocyte development from the stem cells
Describe subsequent stages of monocyte development from the stem cells
Describe subsequent stages of lymphocyte development from the stem cells
Describe subsequent stages of platelet development from stem the cells
7. Describe stromal and parenchymal cells of red bone marrow
Proper connective tissue
Classification of connective tissues
List cells of connective tissue proper, for every cell name the function
Describe different subtypes of fibroblasts, their structure, functions and derivation
Describe derivation, structure and functions of macrophages. Define mononuclear phagocyte system.
Describe derivation, structure and functions of mast cells (tissue basophils). List components of their secretory granules.
Describe derivation, structure and functions of plasma cells.
Types of connective tissue fibers and their properties
Describe structure of collagen fibers. General properties of collagen fibers.
Describe molecular composition of reticular fibers and their localization.
Describe structure of elastic fibers, their general properties.
Composition of ground substance and structure of its main components: glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans.
Compare structure, functions and distribution of white and brown adipose tissues.
Describe structure and localization of reticular tissue.
Lymphoid organs
Describe structure and function of the thymus
Components of blood-thymus barrier and it’s significance
Structure and function of the spleen
Describe splenic system of blood supply (sequence of vessels) and its features
Describe zones of a white pulp
Structure and function of the lymph node
Describe system of lymph nodes’ sinuses
Cartilage tissues
1. Name 3 types of cartilage tissues with typical places of their localization
2. Describe cells of cartilage tissue
3. Define perichondrium, its structure and functions
4. Describe composition of cartilage extracellular matrix
5. Describe structure and key features of hyaline cartilage
6. Describe structure and key features of elastic cartilage
7. Describe structure and key features of fibrocartilage
8. Compare two types of cartilage growth
Bone tissue
1. Compare two types of bone tissues
2. Describe composition of bone extracellular matrix
3. Cells of bone tissue, their structure and function
4. Describe structure of lamellar bone tissue, its morphofunctional unit
5. Describe intramembranous ossification
6. Describe endochondral ossification mechanism
7. Describe zones of epiphiseal plate
Module №3
Module №3
Muscle tissues
Morpho-functional classification of muscle tissues (according to the structure)
Structure of the morphofunctional unit of the skeletal muscle
Structure of the contractile system (myofibrils)
Structure of the sarcomere
Mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction
Key features of the cardiac muscle tissue
Describe morhofunctional unit of cardiac muscle tissue
Structure and function of intercalated discs
Key features of the smooth muscle tissue
Describe morhofunctional unit of smooth muscle tissue
Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction
Circulatory system. Vessels
Describe general structure of the vessel’s wall (three envelopes and layers of each envelope)
Classification of arteries and veins
Describe general features of elastic arteries structure
Describe general features of muscular arteries structure
Describe general features of veins structure
Classification of capillaries. Describe structure of every type and organs, where we can find them
Circulatory system. Heart
Describe three envelopes of the human heart. Name layers of endocardium
Classification of cardiomyocytes
Histological structure of myocardium
Describe the differences between conducting and contractile cardiomyocytes
Components of the conducting system of the heart
NERVE TISSUE
Structure of the neuron
Classification of neurons (morphological, functional)
Structure and classification of synapses
Classification of glial cells
Subtypes of astrocytes, their functions
Blood-brain barrier structure (components) and significance in clinical practice
Structure and functions of oligodendrocytes
Structure and functions of ependymal cells.
Structure and classifications of nerve fibers
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Describe differences between white and gray matter
Layers of cerebral cortex, their cellular composition
Layers of cerebellar cortex, their cellular composition, interactions between cells
Describe histological structure of the spinal cord gray matter
Describe histological structure of the spinal ganglion
Module №4
Module №4
SKIN
Layers of epidermis (describe differences between them)
Cells of epidermis, their function and embryonic derivation
Histological differences between thick and thin skin
Histological structure of the dermis
Sebaceous gland, structure, function, location
Compare two types of sweat glands (cellular composition, function, location, innervation, age features)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Components of conducting and respiratory portion of respiratory system
Histological structure of trachea
Histological classification of bronchi tree
Cellular composition of respiratory epithelium (structure and function of every cell)
Define lung acinus and name its components
Components and function of blood-air barrier
Cells of lung alveoli, their structure and function
Composition of surfactant, its function
SENSORY SYSTEMS
Name 3 envelopes of the eye and their constituents
Name 10 layers of the retina and describe their structure
Describe ultrastructure of rods and cones highlighting differences between them
Define the terms “Yellow spot” and “Blind spot” of retina. Describe structural features of each region.
Define the term “Accommodation” and describe what structures of the eye are involved in this mechanism and how it is realized
Describe parts of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear, name receptor apparatus of each part and their main function.
Describe cellular composition of the organ of Corti
Describe the structure of hair cells (two types) and their protrusions
Describe the mechanism of sounds perception
ENDOCRINE ORGANS
Classification of endocrine organs. List central and peripheral organs, explain differences between them
Mechanisms of hormone secretion regulation (negative feedback loop)
Describe hypothalamic nuclei with endocrine function and hormones they produce
Describe structure and function of neurohypophysis
Describe classification of cells in adenohypophysis and respective hormones
System of hypophyseal blood supply and its function in hormones transport
Describe histological structure of the thyroid gland, cells of the follicle and hormones they produce
Histological structure of the parathyroid gland and its hormones
Zones of the adrenal cortex and respective hormones
Cells of the adrenal medulla and respective hormones
Module №5
Module №5
Oral cavity
General structure of the digestive system (envelopes, layers)
Histological structure of a lip
Histological structure of a cheek
Histological structure of a hard palate
Histological structure of a soft palate
Histological structure of a tongue
Types of tongue papillae, their structure
Cellular composition of a taste bud
Salivary glands
General structure of the salivary gland (cells of a terminal portion, types of acini, types of ducts)
Compare structure and functions of serous and mucus cells
Describe types of salivary ducts, their epithelial lining and function
Describe histological structure of a parotid gland
Describe histological structure of a sublingual gland
Describe histological structure of a submandibular gland
Describe the differences between three major salivary glands
Structure of a tooth
General structure of a tooth (anatomical parts, tissues)
Enamel: chemical composition, structure. Explain the nature of Retzius an Schreger lines
Enamel cuticle (Nasmyth's membrane) and pellicle - definitions
Dentin: chemical composition, structure. Differences between mantle and circumpulpal dentin (particularly fibers orientation).
Differences between primary, secondary and tertiary dentin. Denticles – definition.
Predentin – definition, location.
Define the interglobular dentin and Tomes' granular layer, where these layers are located?
Describe the difference between tubular and intertubular dentin.
Cement: chemical composition, structure. Two types of a cement. Cells of a cement.
Pulp: histological structures and zones.
Structures associated with a tooth
List structures, associated with a tooth
Structure and function of a periodontal ligament (particularly types of fibers), features of its vascularization and innervation.
Epithelial rests of Malasse: their derivation and function.
Alveolar bone histological structure
Histological structure of a gingiva
Tooth development
Describe stages of tooth development
Describe histological structure of bell stage of tooth development, name the derivative of every component
Describe dentinogenesis and major source of odontoblasts development
Describe stages of amelogenesis and major source of ameloblasts development (which part of enamel organ)
Describe cementogenesis and major sources of cementocytes development
Define the cervical loop and its role in odontogenesis
Define the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath and its role in tooth development
Types of stem cells found in the tooth
DIGESTIVE II
Envelopes and layers of esophagus
Envelopes and layers of stomach, relief of stomach mucosa
Describe 3 types of stomach glands and compare them one with another
Cells of stomach glands (structure, staining properties, function)
Histological structure of the duodenum (envelopes, layers, relief)
Differences between histological structure of duodenum and other parts of small intestine
Cellular composition of small intestine epithelium (structure, staining properties, function)
Describe features of appendix histological structure
Histological structure of the large intestine (envelopes, layers, relief)
DIGESTIVE III
Functions of liver
Ultrastructural characteristics of hepatocytes
Describe morpho-functional units of liver (classic and portal lobules, acinus), mention the direction of blood and bile flow
Features of liver blood supply (sequence of blood vessels)
Structure of liver sinusoids
Define space of Disse and cells, located there
Histological structure of the gall bladder, its function
Cellular composition of the islets of Langerhans (name the cell, respective hormone and its effect)
Describe the structure of the pancreatic acinus (staining properties) and its function (secretory products)
Module №6
Module №6
URINARY SYSTEM
Functions of kidneys
Kidney blood supply (sequence of vessels)
Define the nephron, name its main parts and types of nephrons based on their location
Describe the structure of the Bowman’s capsule
Define the process of filtration
Filtration barrier (components, functions)
Mesangial cells (types, functions)
Define the process of reabsorption and secretion
Cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus, their location and functions
Structure of the urinary bladder
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Describe the sequence of seminiferous ducts
Structure of convoluted seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis (definition, stages, sequence of cells, duration)
Spermiogenesis (definition, stages)
Structure and function of Sertoli (sustentacular) cells
Structure and function of Leydig (interstitial) cells
Histological structure and functions of the epididymis
Histological structure of prostate (classification of glands, age changes)
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Histological structure of the ovary
Types of follicles, differences between them, structure of the mature (Graafian) follicle
Define the ovulation and describe the regulation of this process
Define the yellow body and stages of its formation
Oogenesis (phases, time points)
Histological structure of the uterus
Histological structure of the uterine tube
Phases of menstrual cycle (respective changes in the structure of the ovary, uterus and hormonal concentration)
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